Matlab symbolic to double
Author: q | 2025-04-23
MATLAB symbolic to double error. Learn more about symbolic, symbolic math Symbolic Math Toolbox
double - Convert symbolic values to MATLAB double precision - MATLAB
Example: h = @(x)sin(x) M — Symbolic matrix variable to convert symbolic matrix variable Symbolic matrix variable to convert, specified as a symbolic matrix variable. Alternatively, you can use symmatrix2sym to convert a symbolic matrix variable to an array of symbolic scalar variables. Example: syms A 2 matrix; M = A^2 + eye(2) Data Types: symmatrixOutput Argumentscollapse allx — Variable symbolic scalar variableVariable, returned as a symbolic scalar variable.A — Vector or matrix with automatically generated elements symbolic vector | symbolic matrixVector or matrix with automatically generated elements, returned as a symbolic vector or matrix of symbolic scalar variables. The elements of this vector or matrix do not appear in the MATLAB workspace.symexpr — Expression or matrix converted from anonymous MATLAB function or symbolic matrix variable symbolic expression | symbolic matrix Expression or matrix converted from an anonymous MATLAB function or a symbolic matrix variable, returned as a symbolic expression or matrix of symbolic scalar variables. Data Types: symTipsStatements like pi = sym(pi) and delta = sym("1/10") create symbolic numbers that avoid the floating-point approximations inherent in the values of pi and 1/10. The pi created in this way stores the symbolic number in a workspace variable named pi, which temporarily replaces the built-in numeric function with the same name. Use clear pi to restore the floating-point representation of pi.sym always treats i incharacter vector input as an identifier. To input the imaginary number i,use 1i instead.clear x does not clear the symbolicobject of its assumptions, such as real, positive, or any assumptionsset by assume, sym, or syms.To remove assumptions, use one of these options:assume(x,"clear") removes all assumptions affecting x.clear all clears all objects inthe MATLAB workspace and resets the symbolic engine.assume and assumeAlso provide more flexibility for setting assumptions on variables.When you replace one or more elements of a numericvector or matrix with a symbolic number, MATLAB converts thatnumber to a double-precision number.A = eye(3);A(1,1) = sym(pi)A = 3.1416 0 0 0 1.0000 0 0 0 1.0000 You cannot replace elements of a numeric vector or matrix with a symbolic variable, expression, or function because these elements cannot be converted to double-precision numbers. For example, A(1,1) = sym("a") throws an error.When you use the syntax A = sym("a",[n1 ... nM]), the sym function assigns only the symbolic array A to the MATLAB workspace. To also assign the automatically generated elements of A, use the syms function instead. For example, syms a [1 3] creates the row vector a = [a1 a2 a3] and the symbolic variables a1, a2, and a3 in the MATLAB workspace.Alternative FunctionalityAlternative Approaches for Creating Symbolic VariablesTo create several symbolic variables in one function call, use syms. Using syms also clears assumptions from the named variables.Version HistoryIntroduced before R2006aexpand allR2022b: Convert symbolic matrix variablesYou can convert a symbolic matrix variable M of type symmatrix to an array of symbolic scalar variables symexpr of type sym by using symexpr = sym(M). For an example, see Convert Hessian Matrix.R2020a: sym("pi") creates symbolic variablesym("pi") now creates a symbolic variable
Convert symbolic values to MATLAB double precision - MATLAB double
This example shows how to create symbolic numbers, variables, and expressions. To learn how to work with symbolic math, see Perform Symbolic Computations.Create Symbolic Numbers with Exact RepresentationsYou can create symbolic numbers by using sym. Symbolic numbers are exact representations, unlike floating-point numbers.Create symbolic numbers by using sym and compare them to the same floating-point numbers.The symbolic numbers are represented in exact rational form, while the floating-point numbers are decimal approximations.Calculations on symbolic numbers are exact. Demonstrate this exactness by finding sin(pi) symbolically and numerically. The symbolic result is exact, while the numeric result is an approximation.When you use sym on a numeric input, the numeric expression is first evaluated to the MATLAB® default double-precision number that can be less accurate. Then, sym is applied on that double-precision number. To represent an exact number without evaluating it to double precision, use a character vector with quotes. For example, create a symbolic number to represent a very large integer exactly.inaccurateNum = sym(123456789012345678)inaccurateNum = 123456789012345680accurateNum = sym("123456789012345678")accurateNum = 123456789012345678You can also create symbolic complex numbers, by specifying the imaginary part of a number as 1i, 2i, and so on.To learn more about symbolic representation of numbers, see Numeric to Symbolic Conversion.Create Symbolic Numbers with Variable PrecisionYou can create symbolic numbers with variable-precision floating-point arithmetic by using vpa. By default, vpa calculates values to 32 significant digits.piVpa = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795When you use vpa on a numeric expression, such as log(2), the expression is first evaluated to the MATLAB default double-precision number that has less than 32 significant digits. Then, vpa is applied on that double-precision number, which can be less accurate. For more accurate results, convert double-precision numbers in an expression to symbolic numbers with sym and then use vpa to evaluate the results with variable precision. For example, find log(2) with 17- and 20- digit precision.vpaOnDouble = vpa(log(2))vpaOnDouble = 0.69314718055994528622676398299518vpaOnSym_17 = vpa(log(sym(2)),17)vpaOnSym_17 = 0.69314718055994531vpaOnSym_20 = vpa(log(sym(2)),20)vpaOnSym_20 = 0.69314718055994530942When you convert large numbers, use quotes to represent them exactly.inaccurateNum = vpa(123456789012345678)inaccurateNum = 123456789012345680.0accurateNum = vpa("123456789012345678")accurateNum = 123456789012345678.0Create Symbolic VariablesYou can create symbolic variables using either syms or sym. Typical uses of these functions include:symMATLAB symbolic to double error - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB
To simulate the model, ensure the vector's length matches the new value of C.To reduce the effort of maintenance when you change the value of C, you can set the value of Data to an expression involving C.Open the model. At the command prompt, inspect the initial values of Data and C. The value of Data is a vector of integers from 1 to C. In MATLAB code syntax, the value of Data is 1:C. To preserve this relationship between the parameter objects, set the value of Data by using the slexpr function.Data.Value = slexpr('1:C'); To prevent data type propagation errors, set the data type of Data explicitly to double, which is the data type that the parameter acquired before you set the parameter value to an expression.Data.DataType = 'double'; Set the value of C to a different number, such as 6. Due to dimension constraints in the model, you must set the value of another dimension symbol, A, to 3.C.Value = 6;A.Value = 3; Simulate the model. The block diagram shows that the value of Data now has six elements.For more complicated applications, you can write your own MATLAB function that returns parameter values based on dimension symbols. Set the value of the parameter data to an expression that calls your function. For general information about using an expression to set the value of a Simulink.Parameter object, see Set Variable Value by Using a Mathematical Expression.TipYou must provide the initialization code for Simulink.Parameter objects that contain symbolic dimensions. To prevent the generated code from initializing these parameters, you must either: Configure the parameters to use a storage class with the Data scope property set to Imported, such as the ImportedExtern or ImportedExternPointer built-in storage classes.Configure the parameters to use a storage class with the Data initialization property set to None. Related TopicsUse Symbolic Dimensions for Signal Dimensions (Embedded Coder)Configure Symbolic Dimensions for S-Function BlocksSymbolic Dimensions Supported Block Constraints and Limitations (Embedded Coder). MATLAB symbolic to double error. Learn more about symbolic, symbolic math Symbolic Math Toolbox Substitute string to double. Learn more about replace, string, double, symbolic MATLAB, Symbolic Math ToolboxConverting symbolic expression into double. - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB
– Create numbered symbolic variables, symbolic variables in MATLAB functions, or symbolic numbers whose values differ from their names in the MATLAB workspace.syms – Create fresh symbolic variables for interactive symbolic workflows, that is, for symbolic variable creation at the MATLAB command line or in MATLAB live scripts. A fresh symbolic variable does not have any assumptions.The syms command is shorthand for the sym syntax, but the two functions handle assumptions differently. syms clears the assumptions when creating variables. However, recreating a variable using sym does not clear its assumptions. For more details about the differences of these two functions, see Choose syms or sym Function.Create the symbolic variables x and y using syms and sym, respectively.The first command creates a symbolic variable x in the MATLAB workspace with the value x assigned to the variable x. The second command creates a symbolic variable y with the value y.With syms, you can create multiple variables in one command. Create the variables a, b, and c.Create Array of Symbolic VariablesIf you want to create a MATLAB array of numbered symbolic variables, you can use the sym or the syms syntax.Use sym to create an array of many numbered symbolic variables. Clear the workspace. Create a row vector containing the symbolic variables a1,…,a10 and assign it to the MATLAB variable A. Display the variable in the MATLAB workspace.clearA = sym("a",[1 10])A = (a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9a10) Name Size Bytes Class Attributes A 1x10 8 sym A is a 1-by-10 array of 10 automatically generated elements. These generated elements of A do not appear in the MATLAB workspace.Use syms to create many fresh symbolic variables with corresponding variable names in the MATLAB workspace. Clear the workspace. Create the fresh symbolic variables a1, ..., a10. Display the variables in the MATLAB workspace. Name Size Bytes Class Attributes a 1x10 8 sym a1 1x1 8 sym a10 1x1 8 sym a2 1x1 8 sym a3 1x1 8 sym a4 1x1 8 sym a5 1x1 8 sym a6 1x1 8 sym a7 1x1 8 sym a8 1x1 8 sym a9 1x1 8 sym The MATLAB workspace contains 10 MATLABcheck a variable is a symbolic or a double - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB
The MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox allows users to perform symbolic computation, enabling manipulation of algebraic expressions, solving equations symbolically, and working with calculus operations such as differentiation and integration.Here’s a simple example of using the Symbolic Math Toolbox to differentiate a symbolic function:syms xf = x^2 + 3*x + 2;df = diff(f, x);disp(df);Introduction to the Symbolic Math ToolboxWhat is the Symbolic Math Toolbox?The MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox is an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and mathematicians alike. It allows users to perform mathematical computations symbolically rather than numerically, enabling more precise and insightful analyses. With symbolic computation, you can manipulate mathematical expressions just like you would in algebra, providing deeper insights into your mathematical models.Why Use Symbolic Math in MATLAB?Using the symbolic math toolbox presents several advantages, particularly when precise mathematical solutions are required. Unlike numerical methods, which only provide approximate solutions, symbolic math delivers exact answers. This is especially useful in research and complex problem-solving scenarios, such as deriving formulas or simplifying complex expressions. In summary, the toolbox shines in situations where mathematical purity and exactness are paramount.Exploring Powerful Matlab Toolboxes for Your ProjectsGetting Started with the Symbolic Math ToolboxInstallation and SetupGetting started with the MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox is straightforward. If you have MATLAB installed, check if the toolbox is included:ver symbolicIf it is not available, you can install it via the Add-Ons menu in MATLAB. Once installed, you can access all of its functionalities seamlessly.Basic Syntax and StructureTo start using symbolic variables, you will need to define them using the `syms` function. For instance:syms x yThis command creates symbolic variables `x` and `y`, allowing for a myriad of mathematical operations. You can now express symbolic operations in a familiar algebraic form.Mastering Matlab Subplot Title CustomizationKey Features of the Symbolic Math ToolboxSymbolic Variables and ExpressionsSymbolic variables can represent arbitrary values and allow for manipulation and transformation. You can create complex symbolic expressions and apply various functions. For instance:expr = x^2 + 2*x + 1;simplified_expr = simplify(expr);In this example, the expression is defined, and `simplify()` is used to reduce it to its simplest form, demonstrating the capability of the symbolic math toolbox.DifferentiationOne of the powerhouse features of the toolbox is its differentiation functionality. The `diff()` function allows you to compute derivatives with ease. For example:f = sin(x) * cos(x);derivative_f = diff(f, x);This snippet demonstrates how to compute the derivative of a trigonometric product. You can also calculate higher-order derivativesMATLAB symbolic to double error - MathWorks
Perform symbolic math computationsSymbolic Math Toolbox™ provides functions for solving, plotting, and manipulating symbolic math equations. You can create, run, and share symbolic math code using the MATLAB® Live Editor. The toolbox provides functions in common mathematical areas such as calculus, linear algebra, algebraic and ordinary differential equations, equation simplification, and equation manipulation.Symbolic Math Toolbox lets you analytically perform differentiation, integration, simplification, transforms, and equation solving. You can perform dimensional computations and conversions using SI and US unit systems. Your computations can be performed either analytically or using variable-precision arithmetic, with the results displayed in mathematical typeset.You can share your symbolic work with other MATLAB users as live scripts or convert them to HTML or PDF for publication. You can generate MATLAB functions, Simulink® function blocks, and Simscape™ equations directly from symbolic expressions.TutorialsCreate Symbolic Numbers, Variables, and ExpressionsUse symbolic values and variables.Create Symbolic FunctionsUse symbolic functions that accept symbolic inputs,such as f(x,y).Create Symbolic MatricesUse matrices containing symbolic values.Create Symbolic Matrix VariablesUse symbolic matrix variables.Symbolic Objects to Represent Mathematical ObjectsUse symbolic objects to represent mathematical objects.Perform Symbolic Computations Perform operations on symbolic objects.Use Assumptions on Symbolic VariablesModel your problem and get simpler results by usingassumptions.Featured Examples. MATLAB symbolic to double error. Learn more about symbolic, symbolic math Symbolic Math Toolbox Substitute string to double. Learn more about replace, string, double, symbolic MATLAB, Symbolic Math ToolboxComments
Example: h = @(x)sin(x) M — Symbolic matrix variable to convert symbolic matrix variable Symbolic matrix variable to convert, specified as a symbolic matrix variable. Alternatively, you can use symmatrix2sym to convert a symbolic matrix variable to an array of symbolic scalar variables. Example: syms A 2 matrix; M = A^2 + eye(2) Data Types: symmatrixOutput Argumentscollapse allx — Variable symbolic scalar variableVariable, returned as a symbolic scalar variable.A — Vector or matrix with automatically generated elements symbolic vector | symbolic matrixVector or matrix with automatically generated elements, returned as a symbolic vector or matrix of symbolic scalar variables. The elements of this vector or matrix do not appear in the MATLAB workspace.symexpr — Expression or matrix converted from anonymous MATLAB function or symbolic matrix variable symbolic expression | symbolic matrix Expression or matrix converted from an anonymous MATLAB function or a symbolic matrix variable, returned as a symbolic expression or matrix of symbolic scalar variables. Data Types: symTipsStatements like pi = sym(pi) and delta = sym("1/10") create symbolic numbers that avoid the floating-point approximations inherent in the values of pi and 1/10. The pi created in this way stores the symbolic number in a workspace variable named pi, which temporarily replaces the built-in numeric function with the same name. Use clear pi to restore the floating-point representation of pi.sym always treats i incharacter vector input as an identifier. To input the imaginary number i,use 1i instead.clear x does not clear the symbolicobject of its assumptions, such as real, positive, or any assumptionsset by assume, sym, or syms.To remove assumptions, use one of these options:assume(x,"clear") removes all assumptions affecting x.clear all clears all objects inthe MATLAB workspace and resets the symbolic engine.assume and assumeAlso provide more flexibility for setting assumptions on variables.When you replace one or more elements of a numericvector or matrix with a symbolic number, MATLAB converts thatnumber to a double-precision number.A = eye(3);A(1,1) = sym(pi)A = 3.1416 0 0 0 1.0000 0 0 0 1.0000 You cannot replace elements of a numeric vector or matrix with a symbolic variable, expression, or function because these elements cannot be converted to double-precision numbers. For example, A(1,1) = sym("a") throws an error.When you use the syntax A = sym("a",[n1 ... nM]), the sym function assigns only the symbolic array A to the MATLAB workspace. To also assign the automatically generated elements of A, use the syms function instead. For example, syms a [1 3] creates the row vector a = [a1 a2 a3] and the symbolic variables a1, a2, and a3 in the MATLAB workspace.Alternative FunctionalityAlternative Approaches for Creating Symbolic VariablesTo create several symbolic variables in one function call, use syms. Using syms also clears assumptions from the named variables.Version HistoryIntroduced before R2006aexpand allR2022b: Convert symbolic matrix variablesYou can convert a symbolic matrix variable M of type symmatrix to an array of symbolic scalar variables symexpr of type sym by using symexpr = sym(M). For an example, see Convert Hessian Matrix.R2020a: sym("pi") creates symbolic variablesym("pi") now creates a symbolic variable
2025-04-18This example shows how to create symbolic numbers, variables, and expressions. To learn how to work with symbolic math, see Perform Symbolic Computations.Create Symbolic Numbers with Exact RepresentationsYou can create symbolic numbers by using sym. Symbolic numbers are exact representations, unlike floating-point numbers.Create symbolic numbers by using sym and compare them to the same floating-point numbers.The symbolic numbers are represented in exact rational form, while the floating-point numbers are decimal approximations.Calculations on symbolic numbers are exact. Demonstrate this exactness by finding sin(pi) symbolically and numerically. The symbolic result is exact, while the numeric result is an approximation.When you use sym on a numeric input, the numeric expression is first evaluated to the MATLAB® default double-precision number that can be less accurate. Then, sym is applied on that double-precision number. To represent an exact number without evaluating it to double precision, use a character vector with quotes. For example, create a symbolic number to represent a very large integer exactly.inaccurateNum = sym(123456789012345678)inaccurateNum = 123456789012345680accurateNum = sym("123456789012345678")accurateNum = 123456789012345678You can also create symbolic complex numbers, by specifying the imaginary part of a number as 1i, 2i, and so on.To learn more about symbolic representation of numbers, see Numeric to Symbolic Conversion.Create Symbolic Numbers with Variable PrecisionYou can create symbolic numbers with variable-precision floating-point arithmetic by using vpa. By default, vpa calculates values to 32 significant digits.piVpa = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795When you use vpa on a numeric expression, such as log(2), the expression is first evaluated to the MATLAB default double-precision number that has less than 32 significant digits. Then, vpa is applied on that double-precision number, which can be less accurate. For more accurate results, convert double-precision numbers in an expression to symbolic numbers with sym and then use vpa to evaluate the results with variable precision. For example, find log(2) with 17- and 20- digit precision.vpaOnDouble = vpa(log(2))vpaOnDouble = 0.69314718055994528622676398299518vpaOnSym_17 = vpa(log(sym(2)),17)vpaOnSym_17 = 0.69314718055994531vpaOnSym_20 = vpa(log(sym(2)),20)vpaOnSym_20 = 0.69314718055994530942When you convert large numbers, use quotes to represent them exactly.inaccurateNum = vpa(123456789012345678)inaccurateNum = 123456789012345680.0accurateNum = vpa("123456789012345678")accurateNum = 123456789012345678.0Create Symbolic VariablesYou can create symbolic variables using either syms or sym. Typical uses of these functions include:sym
2025-04-16– Create numbered symbolic variables, symbolic variables in MATLAB functions, or symbolic numbers whose values differ from their names in the MATLAB workspace.syms – Create fresh symbolic variables for interactive symbolic workflows, that is, for symbolic variable creation at the MATLAB command line or in MATLAB live scripts. A fresh symbolic variable does not have any assumptions.The syms command is shorthand for the sym syntax, but the two functions handle assumptions differently. syms clears the assumptions when creating variables. However, recreating a variable using sym does not clear its assumptions. For more details about the differences of these two functions, see Choose syms or sym Function.Create the symbolic variables x and y using syms and sym, respectively.The first command creates a symbolic variable x in the MATLAB workspace with the value x assigned to the variable x. The second command creates a symbolic variable y with the value y.With syms, you can create multiple variables in one command. Create the variables a, b, and c.Create Array of Symbolic VariablesIf you want to create a MATLAB array of numbered symbolic variables, you can use the sym or the syms syntax.Use sym to create an array of many numbered symbolic variables. Clear the workspace. Create a row vector containing the symbolic variables a1,…,a10 and assign it to the MATLAB variable A. Display the variable in the MATLAB workspace.clearA = sym("a",[1 10])A = (a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9a10) Name Size Bytes Class Attributes A 1x10 8 sym A is a 1-by-10 array of 10 automatically generated elements. These generated elements of A do not appear in the MATLAB workspace.Use syms to create many fresh symbolic variables with corresponding variable names in the MATLAB workspace. Clear the workspace. Create the fresh symbolic variables a1, ..., a10. Display the variables in the MATLAB workspace. Name Size Bytes Class Attributes a 1x10 8 sym a1 1x1 8 sym a10 1x1 8 sym a2 1x1 8 sym a3 1x1 8 sym a4 1x1 8 sym a5 1x1 8 sym a6 1x1 8 sym a7 1x1 8 sym a8 1x1 8 sym a9 1x1 8 sym The MATLAB workspace contains 10 MATLAB
2025-03-26The MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox allows users to perform symbolic computation, enabling manipulation of algebraic expressions, solving equations symbolically, and working with calculus operations such as differentiation and integration.Here’s a simple example of using the Symbolic Math Toolbox to differentiate a symbolic function:syms xf = x^2 + 3*x + 2;df = diff(f, x);disp(df);Introduction to the Symbolic Math ToolboxWhat is the Symbolic Math Toolbox?The MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox is an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and mathematicians alike. It allows users to perform mathematical computations symbolically rather than numerically, enabling more precise and insightful analyses. With symbolic computation, you can manipulate mathematical expressions just like you would in algebra, providing deeper insights into your mathematical models.Why Use Symbolic Math in MATLAB?Using the symbolic math toolbox presents several advantages, particularly when precise mathematical solutions are required. Unlike numerical methods, which only provide approximate solutions, symbolic math delivers exact answers. This is especially useful in research and complex problem-solving scenarios, such as deriving formulas or simplifying complex expressions. In summary, the toolbox shines in situations where mathematical purity and exactness are paramount.Exploring Powerful Matlab Toolboxes for Your ProjectsGetting Started with the Symbolic Math ToolboxInstallation and SetupGetting started with the MATLAB Symbolic Math Toolbox is straightforward. If you have MATLAB installed, check if the toolbox is included:ver symbolicIf it is not available, you can install it via the Add-Ons menu in MATLAB. Once installed, you can access all of its functionalities seamlessly.Basic Syntax and StructureTo start using symbolic variables, you will need to define them using the `syms` function. For instance:syms x yThis command creates symbolic variables `x` and `y`, allowing for a myriad of mathematical operations. You can now express symbolic operations in a familiar algebraic form.Mastering Matlab Subplot Title CustomizationKey Features of the Symbolic Math ToolboxSymbolic Variables and ExpressionsSymbolic variables can represent arbitrary values and allow for manipulation and transformation. You can create complex symbolic expressions and apply various functions. For instance:expr = x^2 + 2*x + 1;simplified_expr = simplify(expr);In this example, the expression is defined, and `simplify()` is used to reduce it to its simplest form, demonstrating the capability of the symbolic math toolbox.DifferentiationOne of the powerhouse features of the toolbox is its differentiation functionality. The `diff()` function allows you to compute derivatives with ease. For example:f = sin(x) * cos(x);derivative_f = diff(f, x);This snippet demonstrates how to compute the derivative of a trigonometric product. You can also calculate higher-order derivatives
2025-04-17Perform symbolic math computationsRelease NotesPDF DocumentationSymbolic Math Toolbox™ provides functions for solving, plotting, and manipulating symbolic math equations. You can create, run, and share symbolic math code. In the MATLAB® Live Editor, you can get next-step suggestions for symbolic workflows. The toolbox provides functions in common mathematical areas such as calculus, linear algebra, algebraic and differential equations, equation simplification, and equation manipulation.Symbolic Math Toolbox lets you analytically perform differentiation, integration, simplification, transforms, and equation solving. You can perform dimensional computations and convert between units. Your computations can be performed either analytically or using variable-precision arithmetic, with the results displayed in mathematical typeset.You can share your symbolic work with other MATLAB users as live scripts or convert them to HTML, Word, LaTeX, or PDF documents. You can generate MATLAB functions, Simulink® Function blocks, and Simscape™ equations directly from symbolic expressions.Get Started Learn the basics of Symbolic Math ToolboxSymbolic Computations in MATLABSymbolic variables, expressions, functions, conversionsbetween symbolic and numericMathematicsEquation solving, formula simplification, calculus,linear algebra, and moreGraphicsTwo- and three-dimensional plots, data exploration,and visualization techniquesCode GenerationUse symbolic results in MATLAB, Simulink, Simscape, C, Fortran, and LaTeXApplicationsPerform application-specific workflows using Symbolic Math Toolbox
2025-04-17